In 1938, the United States was so politically isolationist and pacifist that its defense forces were smaller than Portugal's. That same year, Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered the federal government to spark a dramatic expansion in domestic airplane production, and this minor effort—three years before the attack on Pearl Harbor—would in time become what Roosevelt called "the arsenal of democracy," the full-throttle unleashing of American enterprise and ingenuity that was the secret weapon for victory in World War II. Signaled by Roosevelt's public fight with Lindbergh—known as the Great Debate—victory at land, sea, and air across the globe began at home. In this "richly detailed, highly readable account of presidential leadership in perilous times" (New York Journal of Books), Craig Nelson traces how under FDR, the United States rose from poverty and solitude to defeat the greatest evils of the 20th century. By transforming what Americans thought they could achieve, FDR's efforts ended the Great Depression; conquered the fascists of Germany, Italy, and Japan; birthed America's middle-class affluence and consumer society; led to jet engines, computers, radar, the military-industrial complex, Big Science, and nuclear weapons; triggered a global economic boom; and turned the U.S. military into a worldwide titan—with America the undisputed leader of world affairs. A New Yorker Best Book of 2023.